Stalking: Final Report (html)
Bibliography
Abreu, Roberto L and Maureen C Kenny, ‘Cyberbullying and LGBTQ Youth: A Systematic Literature Review and Recommendations for Prevention and Intervention’ (2018) 11(1) Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma 81
Ahlgrim, Billea and Cheryl Terrance, ‘Perceptions of Cyberstalking: Impact of Perpetrator Gender and Cyberstalker/Victim Relationship’ (2021) 36(7–8) Journal of Interpersonal Violence NP4074
Al-Alosi, Hadeel, ‘Cyber-Violence: Digital Abuse in the Context of Domestic Violence’ (2017) 40(4) UNSW Law Journal 1573
Alannah & Madeline Foundation,
– ‘Cyber and Digital Literacy Resources’, ESmart (Web Page, 2022) <https://www.esmart.org.au/esmart-libraries/cyber-and-digital-literacy-resources/>
– ‘eSmart Digital Licence+’, ESmart (Web Page, 2022) <https://digitallicenceplus.org/>
Allen, Graham, Early Intervention: Smart Investment, Massive Savings (Second Independent Report to Her Majesty’s Government, July 2011) <https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/early-intervention-smart-investment-massive-savings>
Australian Bureau of Statistics,
– Crime Victimisation, Australia, 2020–21 Financial Year (Web Page, 22 February 2022)
<https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/crime-and-justice/crime-victimisation-australia/latest-release>
– Experience of Stalking—Personal Safety, Australia, 2016 (Data Table No 49060DO0007, 8 November 2017) <https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/crime-and-justice/personal-safety-australia/latest-release#data-download>
– Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians (Web Page, 31 August 2018) <https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release>
– Personal Safety, Australia, 2016 (Web Page, 11 August 2017) <https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/crime-and-justice/personal-safety-australia/latest-release>
– Personal Safety, Australia Methodology 2016 (Web Page, 8 November 2017) https://www.abs.gov.au/methodologies/personal-safety-australia-methodology/2016
– Stalking—In Focus: Crime and Justice Statistics (Web Page, 14 June 2017) <https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/crime-and-justice/focus-crime-and-justice-statistics/june-2017>
Australian Law Reform Commission, Serious Invasions Of Privacy In The Digital Era (Discussion Paper No 80, 2014)
Backes, Bethany L, Lisa Fedina and Jennifer Lynne Holmes, ‘The Criminal Justice System Response to Intimate Partner Stalking: A Systematic Review of Quantitative and Qualitative Research’ (2020) 35(7) Journal of Family Violence 665
Bartels, Lorana and Marietta Martinovic, ‘Electronic Monitoring: The Experience in Australia’ (2017) 9(1) European Journal of Probation 90
Bartlett, Luke and Annabel Chan, ‘Hashtag You’re It: Limitations of Psycho-Legal Responses to Online Interpersonal Harm’ in Heng Choon Chan and Lorraine Sheridan (eds), Psycho-Criminological Approaches to Stalking Behavior: An International Perspective (John Wiley and Sons, 2020) 287
Belur, Jyoti et al, ‘A Systematic Review of the Effectiveness of the Electronic Monitoring of Offenders’ (2020) 68 Journal of Criminal Justice 101686:1–18
Bennett Cattaneo, Lauren, Sarah Cho and Shelly Botuck, ‘Describing Intimate Partner Stalking Over Time: An Effort to Inform Victim-Centered Service Provision’ (2011) 26(17) Journal of Interpersonal Violence 3428
Bluett-Boyd, Nicole and Bianca Fileborn, Victim/Survivor-Focused Justice Responses and Reforms to Criminal Court Practice (Research Report No 27, Australian Institute of Family Studies (Cth), April 2014)
Boehnlein, Tim et al, ‘Responding to Stalking Victims: Perceptions, Barriers, and Directions for Future Research’ (2020) 35(7) Journal of Family Violence 755
Bouffard, Leana A et al, ‘Still in the Shadows: The Unresponsiveness of Stalking Prosecution Rates to Increased Legislative Attention’ (2021) 73 Journal of Criminal Justice 101794:1–10
Brady, Patrick Q and Matt R Nobles, ‘The Dark Figure of Stalking—Examining Law Enforcement Response’ (2017) 32(20) Journal of Interpersonal Violence 3149
Brandl, Bonnie, Candace J Heisler and Lori A Stiegel, ‘The Parallels between Undue Influence, Domestic Violence, Stalking, and Sexual Assault’ (2005) 17(3) Journal of Elder Abuse and Neglect 37
Brandt, Cleo and Bianca Voerman, ‘The Dutch Model: A New Approach to Policing Stalking’ in Heng Choon (Oliver) Chan and Lorraine Sheridan (eds), Psycho-Criminological Approaches to Stalking Behavior: An International Perspective (John Wiley and Sons, 2020) 251
Brewster, Mary P, An Exploration of the Experiences and Needs of Former Intimate Stalking Victims (Final Report, National Institute of Justice, US Department of Justice, May 1999)
Bright, Sarah, Lauren Barnaba and Melanie Millsteed, Attrition of Stalking Offence Incidents through the Victorian Criminal Justice System (Data Snapshot, Crime Statistics Agency, forthcoming)
Brooks-Hay, Oona et al, Evaluation of the Rape Crisis Scotland National Advocacy Project (Briefing No 01/2018, Scottish Centre for Crime and Justice Research, January 2018)
<https://www.sccjr.ac.uk/publications/evaluation-of-the-rape-crisis-scotland-national-advocacy-project-summary-report-jan-2018/>
Campbell, Elena, Centre for Innovative Justice, RMIT University, Integrating the Indefensible—What Role Should the Community Play? (Issues Paper, December 2017)
Cavezza, Cristina and Troy E McEwan, ‘Cyberstalking versus Off-Line Stalking in a Forensic Sample’ (2014) 20(10) Psychology, Crime and Law 955
Centre for Innovative Justice, RMIT University,
– Opportunities for Early Intervention: Bringing Perpetrators of Family Violence into View (Report, March 2015)
– Strengthening Victoria’s Victim Support System: Victim Services Review (Final Report, November 2020)
Chan, Heng Choon and Lorraine Sheridan (eds), Psycho-Criminological Approaches to Stalking Behavior: An International Perspective (Wiley, 2020)
Chang, Wei-Jung, ‘Cyberstalking and Law Enforcement’ (2020) 176 Procedia Computer Science 1188
‘Child Witness Service’, Victims of Crime (Web Page, 10 June 2021) <http://www.victimsofcrime.vic.gov.au/going-to-court/child-witness-service>
Chung, Donna et al, Improved Accountability: The Role of Perpetrator Intervention Systems (Research Report No 20, ANROWS, June 2020)
Cloonan-Thomas, Sinead, Elizabeth S Daff and Troy E McEwan, ‘Post-Relationship Stalking and Intimate Partner Abuse in a Sample of Australian Adolescents’ [2021] Legal and Criminological Psychology 10.1111/lcrp.12206:1–22
College of Policing (UK), Stalking or Harassment: Advice for Investigators on Effective Investigation (Report, November 2020)
Commonwealth of Australia, Online Safety Charter (Charter, 2019)
Corrections Victoria, ‘Transition and Reintegration Unit Brochures’, Corrections, Prisons and Parole (Web Page, May 2018) <https://www.corrections.vic.gov.au/transition-and-reintegration-unit-brochures>
Corrective Services Administrators’ Council (Cth), Guiding Principles for Corrections in Australia (Guidelines, 2018)
Council of Australian Governments, National Outcome Standards for Perpetrator Interventions (Policy, 21 November 2015)
Cox, Pamela, J et al, ‘The Rape Prevention and Education (RPE) Theory Model of Community Change: Connecting Individual and Social Change’ (2010) 13 Journal of Family Social Work 297
Cripps, K et al, Attitudes towards Violence against Women and Gender Equality among Aboriginal People and Torres Strait Islanders—Findings from the 2017 National Community Attitudes towards Violence against Women Survey (NCAS) (ANROWS Insights No 3, 2019)
Crofts, Thomas, ‘A Brighter Tomorrow: Raise the Age of Criminal Responsibility’ (2015) 27(1) Current Issues in Criminal Justice 123
Cross, Cassandra and Thomas Holt, Responding to Cybercrime: Results of a Comparison between Community Members and Police Personnel (Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice No. 635 August 2021, Australian Institute of Criminology, 19 August 2021)
<https://www.aic.gov.au/publications/tandi/tandi635>
Cunneen, Chris, Arguments for Raising the Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility (Research Report, Comparative Youth Penalty Project, Jumbunna Institute for Indigenous Education and Research, University of Technology Sydney, February 2020)
David, Andrea et al, Breaching Intervention Orders (Report, Sentencing Advisory Council, 2008)
Davis, Gianna E, Denise A Hines and Kathleen M Palm Reed, ‘Routine Activities and Stalking Victimization in Sexual Minority College Students’ [2021] Journal of Interpersonal Violence 10.1177/0886260521991879:1-29
Delmage, Enys, ‘The Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility: A Medico-Legal Perspective’ (2013) 13(2) Youth Justice 102
Department of Health (Vic),
– ‘A New Mental Health and Wellbeing Act for Victoria’, Mental Health and Wellbeing Reform (Web Page, 18 March 2022) <http://www.health.vic.gov.au/mental-health-reform/a-new-mental-health-and-wellbeing-act-for-victoria>
– ‘Good Mental Health Where People Live, Work, and Learn—Recommendation 17’, Health.vic (Web Page, 17 March 2022) <http://www.health.vic.gov.au/mental-health-reform/recommendation-17>
Department of Justice (WA), ‘Family and Domestic Violence Offenders Face GPS Tracking’, WA.Gov.Au (Web Page, 18 August 2020) <https://www.wa.gov.au/government/announcements/family-and-domestic-violence-offenders-face-gps-tracking>
Department of Justice and Community Safety (Vic),
– Improving Victims’ Experience of Summary Proceedings (Final Report, 2021)
– Victim Support Update (Report, December 2021)
– ‘What Is Brodie’s Law’, Bullying—Brodie’s Law (Web Page, 13 August 2021) <https://www.justice.vic.gov.au/saynotobullying>
Department of Justice and Regulation (Vic), Victoria’s New Sexual Offence Laws: An Introduction (Report, Criminal Law Review, June 2015)
Department of Premier and Cabinet (Vic), Victoria’s Cyber Strategy 2021 (Strategy, 2021)
<https://www.vic.gov.au/victorias-cyber-strategy-2021-introduction>
‘Development of National Principles on Addressing Coercive Control: Terms of Reference’, Attorney-General’s Department (Web Page, 9 July 2021) <https://www.ag.gov.au/families-and-marriage/publications/development-national-principles-addressing-coercive-control>
Director of Public Prosecutions (UK),
– ‘Stalking and Harassment’, Prosecution Guidance (Online, 23 May 2018)
<https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal-guidance/stalking-and-harassment>
– ‘Stalking Protection Orders’, Prosecution Guidance (Online, 20 January 2020)
<https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal-guidance/stalking-protection-orders>
Dispute Settlement Centre of Victoria, DSCV Assessing Suitability Criteria (Guideline, undated)
‘Domestic Violence Offenders in SA to Be GPS Tracked’, ABC News (online, 17 April 2017) <https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-04-18/domestic-violence-offenders-to-be-gps-tracked-in-sa/8448666>
Douglas, Heather, ‘Do We Need a Specific Domestic Violence Offence?’ (2015) 39 Melbourne University Law Review 434
Dressing, Harald et al, ‘Cyberstalking in a Large Sample of Social Network Users: Prevalence, Characteristics, and Impact upon Victims’ (2014) 17(2) Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking 61
Dressing, Harald et al, ‘The Prevalence and Effects of Stalking’ (2020) 117(20) Deutsches Ärzteblatt International 347
Dubravka Šimonović, Special Rapporteur, Report of the Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women, Its Causes and Consequences on Online Violence Against Women and Girls from a Human Rights Perspective, Human Rights Council, UN Doc A/HRC/38/47 (14 June 2018)
Dunn, Suzie, ‘Technology-Facilitated Gender-Based Violence: An Overview’ (Centre for International Governance Innovation: Supporting a Safer Internet Paper No 1, Social Science Research Network, 2020) <https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3772042>
Fazio, Laura, ‘Young People and Cyberspace: Introduction’ (2016) 22(2) European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 211
Fissel, Erica R and Bradford W Reyns, ‘The Aftermath of Cyberstalking: School, Work, Social, and Health Costs of Victimization’ (2020) 45(1) American Journal of Criminal Justice 70
Fissel, Erica R, Bradford W Reyns and Bonnie S Fisher, ‘Stalking and Cyberstalking Victimization Research: Taking Stock of Key Conceptual, Definitional, Prevalence, and Theoretical Issues’ in Heng Choon (Oliver) Chan and Lorraine Sheridan (eds), Psycho-Criminological Approaches to Stalking Behavior: An International Perspective (John Wiley and Sons, 2020) 11
Flynn, Asher, Anastasia Powell and Sophie Hindes, Technology-Facilitated Abuse: A Survey of Support Services Stakeholders (Research Report No 2, ANROWS, July 2021)
Gavin, Jeff and Adrian J Scott, ‘The Influence of the Sex of and Prior Relationship between the Perpetrator and Victim on Perceptions of Stalking: A Qualitative Analysis’ (2016) 23(5) Psychiatry, Psychology and Law 716
‘Get Stalking Advice and Help’, Suzy Lamplugh Trust (Web Page, 2019)
<https://www.suzylamplugh.org/Pages/Category/get-stalking-advice-and-help>
Goldson, Barry, ‘“Unsafe, Unjust and Harmful to Wider Society”: Grounds for Raising the Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility in England and Wales’ (2013) 13(2) Youth Justice 111
Harmon, Ronnie B et al, ‘The Impact of Anti-Stalking Training on Front Line Service Providers: Using the Anti-Stalking Training Evaluation Protocol (ASTEP)’ (2004) 49(5) Journal of Forensic Sciences JFS2003354:1–7
Hendry, Natalie, Jenny Walsh and Sharyn Leahy Hatton, The YeS Project (Workshop Handbook, Office of the eSafety Commissioner (Cth), 2018)
Henry, Nicola et al, ‘Technology-Facilitated Domestic Violence against Immigrant and Refugee Women: A Qualitative Study’ [2021] Journal of Interpersonal Violence 10.1177/08862605211001465:1–27
Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary and Her Majesty’s Crown Prosecution Service Inspectorate, Living in Fear: The Police and CPS Response to Harassment and Stalking (Report, July 2017)
House of Representatives Select Committee on Social Media and Online Safety, Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, Social Media and Online Safety (Report, March 2022)
Hucklesby, A and E Holdsworth, Electronic Monitoring in England and Wales (Report, 2016)
IDCARE, Individual Support Services (Web Page, 2022) <https://www.idcare.org/support-services/individual-support-services>
Jerath, Kritika, Lisa Tompson and Jyoti Belur,
– ‘Risk Management in Stalking Victims: A Multi-Agency Approach to Victim Advocacy’ [2020] Journal of Interpersonal Violence 10.1177/0886260520980402:1–27
– ‘Treating and Managing Stalking Offenders: Findings from a Multi-Agency Clinical Intervention’ Psychology, Crime & Law 10.1080/1068316X.2022.2057981:1–25
Judicial College of Victoria,
– ‘7.4.12 Stalking’, Victorian Criminal Charge Book (Online Manual, 12 September 2013) <https://www.judicialcollege.vic.edu.au/eManuals/CCB>
– Family Violence Bench Book (Online Manual) <https://www.judicialcollege.vic.edu.au/eManuals/FVBB>
– Personal Safety Intervention Orders Bench Book (Online Manual, 1 September 2011)
<https://www.judicialcollege.vic.edu.au/eManuals/PSIO>
– Victims of Crime in the Courtroom: A Guide for Judicial Officers (Online Guide, 2019)
<https://www.judicialcollege.vic.edu.au/resources/victims-crime-courtroom>
– Victorian Criminal Charge Book (Online Manual, 2017) <https://www.judicialcollege.vic.edu.au/eManuals/CCB>
Kamphuis, Jan H et al, ‘Stalking—Perceptions and Attitudes amongst Helping Professions. An EU Cross-National Comparison’ (2005) 12(3) Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy 215
Kaur, Puneet et al, ‘A Systematic Literature Review on Cyberstalking. An Analysis of Past Achievements and Future Promises’ (2021) 163 Technological Forecasting and Social Change 120426:1–15
Kezelman, Cathy and Pam Stavropoulos, Trauma and the Law: Applying Trauma-Informed Practice to Legal and Judicial Contexts (Background Paper, Blue Knot Foundation, 2016)
Khader, Majeed and Stephanie Chan, ‘Unwanted Attention: A Survey on Cyberstalking Victimization’ in Heng Choon (Oliver) Chan and Lorraine Sheridan (eds), Psycho-Criminological Approaches to Stalking Behavior: An International Perspective (John Wiley and Sons, 2020) 77
Korkodeilou, Jenny,
– ‘“And Where You Go, I’ll Follow”: Stalking and the Complex Task of Preventing It’ in Stephanie Kewley and Charlotte Barlow (eds), Preventing Sexual Violence (Bristol University Press, 1st ed, 2020) 63
– ‘Dealing with the Unknown: Learning from Stalking Victims’ Experiences’ (2014) 16(4) Crime Prevention and Community Safety 253
– ‘“No Place to Hide”—Stalking Victimisation and Its Psycho-Social Effects’ (2017) 23(1) International Review of Victimology 17
Larsen, Lise Linn, Dianna Bomholt and Helle Hundahl, ‘Stalking as a Phenomenon in a Danish Context’ in Heng Choon (Oliver) Chan and Lorraine Sheridan (eds), Psycho-Criminological Approaches to Stalking Behavior: International Perspectives (John Wiley and Sons, 2020) 195
Law Reform Committee, Parliament of Victoria, De Novo Appeals to the County Court (Parliamentary Paper No 230, October 2006)
Legal and Social Issues Committee, Parliament of Victoria, Inquiry into Victoria’s Criminal Justice System (Report No 326, Session 2018–2022, March 2022)
Lennings, Nicholas J and Chris J Lennings, ‘Assessing Serious Harm under the Doctrine of Doli Incapax: A Case Study’ (2014) 21(5) Psychiatry, Psychology and Law 791
Lievore, Denise, No Longer Silent: A Study of Women’s Help-Seeking Decisions and Service Responses to Sexual Assault (Report, Australian Institute of Criminology (Cth), June 2005)
‘Lincolnshire Stalking Campaign’, Crime Stoppers (UK) (Web Page) <https://crimestoppers-uk.org/campaigns-media/campaigns/lincolnshire-stalking-campaign>
Logan, TK et al, ‘Victim Service and Justice System Representative Responses About Partner Stalking: What Do Professionals Recommend?’ (2006) 21(1) Violence and Victims 49
MacKenzie, Rachel D and David V James, ‘Management and Treatment of Stalkers: Problems, Options, and Solutions’ (2011) 29(2) Behavioral Sciences & the Law 220
Mackenzie, Rachel et al, ‘Stalkers and Intelligence: Implications for Treatment’ (2010) 21 Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology 852
Malsch, Marijke, Jan W de Keijser and Sofia EC Debets, ‘Are Stalkers Recidivists? Repeated Offending by Convicted Stalkers’ (2011) 26(1) Violence and Victims 3
Marcum, Catherine D and George E Higgins, ‘A Systematic Review of Cyberstalking Victimization and Offending Behaviors’ (2021) 46(6) American Journal of Criminal Justice 882
McCarthy, Jennifer, James Ogloff and Troy McEwan, ‘An Evaluation of the Problem Behaviour Program: A Community Based Model for the Assessment and Treatment of Problem Behaviours’, Forensicare (Web Page) <https://www.forensicare.vic.gov.au/an-evaluation-of-the-problem-behaviour-program-a-community-based-model-for-the-assessment-and-treatment-of-problem-behaviours/>
McEwan, Troy E and Michael R Davis, ‘Is There a “Best” Stalking Typology?: Parsing the Heterogeneity of Stalking and Stalkers in an Australian Sample’ in Heng Choon (Oliver) Chan and Lorraine Sheridan (eds), Psycho-Criminological Approaches to Stalking Behavior: An International Perspective (John Wiley and Sons, 2020) 115
McEwan, Troy E and Susanne Strand, ‘The Role of Psychopathology in Stalking by Adult Strangers and Acquaintances’ (2013) 47(6) Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 546
McEwan, Troy E, Paul E Mullen and Rachel Mackenzie, ‘Anti-Stalking Legislation in Practice: Are We Meeting Community Needs?’ (2007) 14(2) Psychiatry, Psychology and Law 207
McEwan, Troy, Paul E Mullen and Rosemary Purcell, ‘Identifying Risk Factors in Stalking:
A Review of Current Research’ (2007) 30(1) International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 1
McGrath, Andrew, ‘Offenders’ Perceptions of the Sentencing Process: A Study of Deterrence and Stigmatisation in the New South Wales Children’s Court’ (2009) 42(1) Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology 24
McKenna, Nicole C and Kristy Holtfreter, ‘Trauma-Informed Courts: A Review and Integration of Justice Perspectives and Gender Responsiveness’ (2021) 30(4) Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma 450
McKeon, Bronwyn, Troy E McEwan and Stefan Luebbers, ‘“It’s Not Really Stalking If You Know the Person”: Measuring Community Attitudes That Normalize, Justify and Minimise Stalking’ (2015) 22(2) Psychiatry, Psychology and Law 291
McMahon, Marilyn, Paul McGorrery and Kelley Burton, ‘Prosecuting Non-Physical Abuse between Current Intimate Partners: Are Stalking Laws an Under-Utilised Resource?’ (2019) 42(2) Melbourne University Law Review 551
‘Mental Impairment and Sentencing’, Sentencing Advisory Council (Web Page, February 2021) <https://www.sentencingcouncil.vic.gov.au/about-sentencing/mental-impairment-and-sentencing>
Miller, Laurence, ‘Stalking: Patterns, Motives, and Intervention Strategies’ (2012) 17 Aggression and Violent Behavior 495
‘Mission Statement’, STOP—STALKING (Web Page) <https://www.stop-stalking-berlin.de/en/general-information-2/mission-statement-2/>
Mullen, Paul E, Michele Pathé and Rosemary Purcell, ‘Stalking: New Constructions of Human Behaviour’ (2001) 35(1) Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 9
Nancarrow, Heather and Tanya Modini, Electronic Monitoring in the Context of Domestic and Family Violence (Report for the Department of Justice and Attorney-General (Qld), ANROWS, 2018)
Natalie Hutchins, Minister for Corrections, Crime Prevention, Victim Support and Youth Justice (Vic),
– ‘Better Outcomes for Victims and Young People’ (Media Release, 20 May 2021)
– ‘Landmark Reforms To Support Victims Of Crime’ (Media Release, 6 April 2022)
Nation, Maury et al, ‘What Works in Prevention: Principles of Effective Prevention Programs’ (2003) 58(6/7) American Psychologist 449
National Legal Aid, Council of Attorneys-General—Age of Criminal Responsibility Working Group Review (Submission, 28 February 2020)
Newton, Nicola C and Kay Bussey, ‘The Age of Reason: An Examination of Psychosocial Factors Involved in Delinquent Behaviour’ (2012) 17(1) Legal and Criminological Psychology 1
O’Brien, Wendy and Kate Fitz-Gibbon, ‘The Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility in Victoria (Australia): Examining Stakeholders’ Views and the Need for Principled Reform’ (2017) 17(2) Youth Justice 134
Office of Public Prosecutions (Vic), Witness Assistance Service: We Can Help You (Brochure, 2014)
Office of the eSafety Commissioner (Cth),
– Adult Cyber Abuse Scheme (Regulatory Guidance No eSC RG 3, December 2021)
– Adults’ Negative Online Experiences (Report, 2020)
– ‘Classroom Resources’, ESafety Commissioner (Web Page) <https://www.esafety.gov.au/educators/classroom-resources>
– Cyberbullying Scheme (Regulatory Guidance No eSC RG 1, November 2021)
– ‘Cyberstalking’, ESafety Commissioner (Web Page) <https://www.esafety.gov.au/key-issues/domestic-family-violence/technology-facilitated-abuse/cyberstalking>
– Digital Lives of Aussie Teens (Report, February 2021)
– ‘Domestic and Family Violence’, ESafety Commissioner (Web Page) <https://www.esafety.gov.au/key-issues/domestic-family-violence>
– ESafety for Women from Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Backgrounds (Summary Report, 18 February 2019)
– Image-Based Abuse Scheme (Regulatory Guidance No eSC RG 2, November 2021)
– Online Safety for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Women Living in Urban Areas (Report, October 2019)
– ‘Online Safety Planning’, ESafety Commissioner (Web Page) <https://www.esafety.gov.au/key-issues/domestic-family-violence/onlineSafety-planning>
– Safety by Design (Report, 2019)
– Technology-Facilitated Abuse among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Women (Report, 2021)
– Technology-Facilitated Abuse of Women with Intellectual or Cognitive Disability (Report, 2021)
– ‘What You Can Report to ESafety’, ESafety Commissioner (Web Page) <https://www.esafety.gov.au/report/what-you-can-report-to-esafety>
Office of the Family Violence Reform Implementation Monitor, Monitoring Victoria’s Family Violence Reforms: Accurate Identification of the Predominant Aggressor (Report, December 2021) <www.fvrim.vic.gov.au>
Ogilvie, Emma, Stalking: Legislation, Policing and Prosecution Patterns in Australia (Research and Public Policy Series Report No 34, Australian Institute of Criminology, 2000)
Ostermeyer, Britta et al, ‘Stalking and Violence’ (2016) 39(4) Psychiatric Clinics 663
Paladin Service, Paladin Vision (Web Page, 2022) <https://www.paladinservice.co.uk/our-mission>
Parkinson, Patrick, Specialist Prosecution Units and Courts: A Review of the Literature (Report for the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse, March 2016)
‘Parole Conditions’, Adult Parole Board Victoria (Web Page) <https://www.adultparoleboard.vic.gov.au/parole-process/parole-conditions>
Pathé, Michele and Paul E Mullen, ‘The Impact of Stalkers on Their Victims’ (1997) 170(1)
The British Journal of Psychiatry 12
Plan International, Free to Be Online (Report, 2020) <https://www.plan.org.au/publications/free-to-be-online/>
Powell, Anastasia, Adrian J Scott and Nicola Henry, ‘Digital Harassment and Abuse: Experiences of Sexuality and Gender Minority Adults’ (2020) 17(2) European Journal of Criminology 199
Purcell, Rosemary and Troy McEwan, ‘Treatment Approaches for Stalking’ in Jane L Ireland, Carol A Ireland and Philip Birch (eds), Violent and Sexual Offenders: Assessment, Treatment and Management (Routledge, 2nd ed, 2018) 400
Purcell, Rosemary et al, ‘Stalking among Juveniles’ (2009) 194(5) British Journal of Psychiatry 451
Purcell, Rosemary, Teresa Flower and Paul E Mullen, Adolescent Stalking: Offence Characteristics and Effectiveness of Criminal Justice Interventions (Final Report to Criminology Research Council, November 2008)
‘Recorded Offences’, Crime Statistics Agency (Vic) (Web Page, March 2022) <https://www.crimestatistics.vic.gov.au/crime-statistics/latest-victorian-crime-data/recorded-offences-2>
‘Recorded Offences’, Crime Statistics Agency (Vic) (Web Page, September 2020) <https://www.crimestatistics.vic.gov.au/crime-statistics/latest-victorian-crime-data/recorded-offences-2>
Reyns, Bradford W and Bonnie S Fisher, ‘The Relationship Between Offline and Online Stalking Victimization: A Gender-Specific Analysis’ (2018) 33(4) Violence and Victims 769
Reyns, Bradford W and Christine M Englebrecht,
– ‘Informal and Formal Help-Seeking Decisions of Stalking Victims in the United States’ (2014) 41(10) Criminal Justice and Behavior 1178
– ‘The Stalking Victim’s Decision to Contact the Police: A Test of Gottfredson and Gottfredson’s Theory of Criminal Justice Decision Making’ (2010) 38(5) Journal of Criminal Justice 998
Roberts, Karl, Marina Tolou-Shams and Kaila Madera, ‘Adolescent versus Adult Stalking: A Brief Review’ (2016) 16(4) Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice 236
Rooney, Kieran, ‘New Changes Introduced to Provide Protection to Victims of Stalking and Threats to Kill’, Herald Sun (online, 9 March 2022) <https://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/new-changes-introduced-to-provide-protection-to-victims-of-stalking-and-threats-to-kill/news-story/cd9d2339eb8b2c5d3d74ebc62ec9a8bc>
Rosenfeld, Barry et al, ‘Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) for the Treatment of Stalking Offenders: A Randomized Controlled Study’ (2019) 43(4) Law and Human Behavior 319
Royal Commission into Aged Care Quality and Safety (Final Report, Summary and Recommendations, 1 March 2021)
Royal Commission into Family Violence: Report and Recommendations (Final Report, March 2016)
Royal Commission into Family Violence: Summary and Recommendations (Report, March 2016)
Royal Commission into the Protection and Detention of Children in the Northern Territory (Report Overview, November 2017)
Royal Commission into Victoria’s Mental Health System (Final Report, 3 February 2021)
‘Safety Planning Checklist’, 1800RESPECT (Web Page) <https://www.1800respect.org.au/help-and-support/safety-planning/checklist>
Scott, Adrian J et al, ‘International Perceptions of Stalking and Responsibility: The Influence of Prior Relationship and Severity of Behavior’ (2014) 41(2) Criminal Justice and Behavior 220
Scott, Adrian J et al, ‘Public Familiarity and Understanding of Stalking/Harassment Legislation in Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States’ in Heng Choon (Oliver) Chan and Lorraine Sheridan (eds), Psycho-Criminological Approaches to Stalking Behavior: An International Perspective (John Wiley and Sons, 2020) 137
Scott, Adrian J and Lorraine Sheridan, ‘“Reasonable” Perceptions of Stalking: The Influence of Conduct Severity and the Perpetrator–Target Relationship’ (2011) 17(4) Psychology, Crime and Law 331
Sentencing Advisory Council (Vic),
– Reoffending by Children and Young People in Victoria (Report, December 2016)
– Sentencing Breaches of Family Violence Intervention Orders and Safety Notices (Report, May 2022)
– Sentencing Breaches of Personal Safety Intervention Orders in Victoria (Report, February 2022)
– Sentencing Children and Young People in Victoria (Report, April 2012)
– Sentencing Stalking in Victoria (Report, March 2022)
‘Sexual Harassment’, Victorian Equal Opportunity and Human Rights Commission (Web Page) <https://www.humanrights.vic.gov.au/for-individuals/sexual-harassment/>
Shea, Daniel, ‘Stalking Recidivism and Risk Assessment’ (PhD Thesis, Monash University, 2015)
Shelton, Mark, Minister for Police, Fire and Emergency Management (Tas), ‘Electronic Monitoring Trial Delivers Real Results in Supporting Victims of Family Violence’ (Media Release, 20 August 2020)
Sibenik, Michelle, ‘A Critical Analysis of the Applications of Anti-Stalking Legislation in Victoria, Australia’ (PhD Thesis, Monash University, 2018)
Silvester, John, ‘Cyber-Crime: How Police Are Rebooting Methods for a New Era’, The Age (online, 15 October 2021) <https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/cyber-cops-the-new-frontier-20211014-p58zuv.html>
Spence-Diehl, Emily, ‘Intensive Case Management for Victims of Stalking: A Pilot Test Evaluation’ (2004) 4(4) Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention 323
Spencer Scott, W, ‘Electronic Boundary Violations Among Gay and Bisexual Men’ (Doctoral Project, Roosevelt University, 2016)
‘Stalking’, 1800RESPECT (Web Page) <https://www.1800respect.org.au/violence-and-abuse/stalking>
‘Stalking’, Victim Connect Resource Center (Web Page, 2022) <https://victimconnect.org/learn/types-of-crime/stalking/>
‘Stalking and Harassment’, Victim Support (Web Page) <https://www.victimsupport.org.uk/crime-info/types-crime/stalking-and-harassment/>
Standing Committee on Social Issues, Parliament of New South Wales, Domestic Violence Trends and Issues in NSW (Report No 46, August 2012).
Stanton, Michael and Paul Smallwood, ‘Pause for Thought? The Case for Reversing the Abolition of De Novo Criminal Appeals’ (2021) 169 Victorian Bar News 46
Strickland, Pat, Harassment: ‘Police Information Notices’ or ‘Early Harassment Notices’ in England and Wales (House of Commons Library Research Briefing No 06411, 29 June 2018)
Suzy Lamplugh Trust, Unmasking Stalking: A Changing Landscape (Report, April 2021)
Symes Jaclyn, Attorney-General (Vic), ‘Supporting Our Courts To Drive Down COVID-19 Backlogs’ (Media Release, 13 May 2021)
Tavani, Herman T and Frances S Grodzinsky, ‘Cyberstalking, Personal Privacy, and Moral Responsibility’ (2002) 4(2) Ethics and Information Technology 123
Taylor-Dunn, Holly, Erica Bowen and Elizabeth A Gilchrist, ‘Reporting Harassment and Stalking to the Police: A Qualitative Study of Victims’ Experiences’ (2021) 36(11–12) Journal of Interpersonal Violence 10.1177/0886260518811423:1–29
Taylor-Dunn, Holly, Erica Bowen and Liz Gilchrist, The Victim Journey : A Participatory Research Project Seeking the Views and Experiences of Victims of Stalking and Harassment (Report, Centre for Violence Prevention, University of Worcester, July 2017)
‘Tech Safety App’, Tech Safety (Web Page) <https://www.techsafetyapp.org/home>
‘Technology Safety’, National Network to End Domestic Violence (Web Page)
<https://www.techsafety.org>
‘Technology Safety & Privacy: A Toolkit for Survivors’, National Network to End Domestic Violence (Web Page) <https://www.techsafety.org/resources-survivors>
‘The Safety Net Project’, National Network to End Domestic Violence (NNEDV) (Web Page) <https://nnedv.org/content/technology-safety/>
Tidmarsh, Patrick, ‘Training Sexual Crime Investigators to Get the “Whole Story”’ (PhD Thesis, Deakin University, 2016)
Todd, Chris, Joanne Bryce and Virginia NL Franqueira, ‘Technology, Cyberstalking and Domestic Homicide: Informing Prevention and Response Strategies’ (2021) 31(1) Policing and Society 82
Tompson, Lisa, Jyoti Belur and Kritika Jerath,
– ‘A Victim-Centred Cost–Benefit Analysis of a Stalking Prevention Programme’ (2021) 10(1) Crime Science 21
– MASIP Evaluation (Final Report, Multi-Agency Stalking Intervention Program, University College London, 2020)
Topsfield, Jewel, ‘Debate Rages among Family Violence Campaigners over Criminalising Coercive Control’, The Sydney Morning Herald (online, 26 November 2020) <https://www.smh.com.au/national/debate-rages-among-family-violence-campaigners-over-criminalising-coercive-control-20201126-p56i9l.html>
UK Home Office, Stalking Protection Orders: Statutory Guidance for the Police (Report, January 2021)
van der Aa, Suzan and Anne Groenen, ‘Identifying the Needs of Stalking Victims and the Responsiveness of the Criminal Justice System: A Qualitative Study in Belgium and the Netherlands’ (2010) 6(1) Victims & Offenders 19
Victims’ Commissioner for England and Wales, Victim Advocates: A Rapid Evidence Assessment (Report, February 2019) <https://victimscommissioner.org.uk/published-reviews/victim-advocates-a-rapid-evidence-assessment/>
Victims of Crime, Department of Justice and Community Safety (Vic), Applying for Financial Assistance from Victims of Crime Assistance Tribunal (Web Page, 2022) <https://www.victimsofcrime.vic.gov.au/going-to-court/applying-for-financial-assistance-from-victims-of-crime-assistance-tribunal>
Victoria Legal Aid,
– ‘15 Special Circumstances—The State’s Special Circumstances’, Handbook for Lawyers (Online Handbook, 18 February 2022) <https://www.handbook.vla.vic.gov.au>
– Family Violence—Our Response (Web Page, 2022) <http://www.legalaid.vic.gov.au/node/9836>
– Personal Safety Intervention Orders: Mention Hearing (Self-Help Guide for Applicants, July 2020) <https://www.legalaid.vic.gov.au/find-legal-answers/free-publications-and-resources/personal-safety-intervention-order-mention-hearings-self-help-guide-for-applicants>
– Prioritising Help for Children in Personal Safety Intervention Order Matters (Web Page, 21 July 2020) <https://www.legalaid.vic.gov.au/prioritising-help-children-personal-safety-intervention-order-matters>
– ‘Violence, Abuse and Personal Safety’, Helping Victorians with their Legal Issues (Web Page, 18 May 2022) <https://www.legalaid.vic.gov.au/violence-abuse-and-personal-safety>
Victoria Police,
– ‘Family Violence’, Victoria Police Manual (Electronic Manual, January 2022)
– ‘Responses to Non Family Violence Disputes’, Victoria Police Manual (Electronic Manual, January 2022)
– Stalking (Web Page, 4 April 2022) <https://www.police.vic.gov.au/stalking>
Victorian Government,
– ‘Modernising Victoria’s Appeals System’ (Press Release, 16 October 2019)
– ‘Stalking’, Victims of Crime—Victorian Government Support for Victims (Web Page, 10 June 2021) <https://www.victimsofcrime.vic.gov.au/the-crime/types-of-crime/stalking>
Victorian Law Reform Commission,
– Committals (Report No 41, March 2020)
– Improving the Justice System Response to Sexual Offences (Report No 42, September 2021)
– Review of Family Violence Laws (Report No 10, 2006)
– Review of the Victims of Crime Assistance Act 1996 (Report No 36, July 2018)
– Stalking (Interim Report No 44, December 2021)
– Stalking (Consultation Paper, June 2021)
– Stalking: Summary of Responses to Online Feedback Form from People with Experience of Stalking (Report, August 2021)
– The Role of Victims of Crime in the Criminal Trial Process (Report No 34, August 2016)
Villacampa, Carolina and Marc Salat, ‘Stalking: Victims’ and Professionals’ Views of Legal and Institutional Treatment’ (2019) 59 International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice 100345:1–14
Weller, Michelle, Lorraine Hope and Lorraine Sheridan, ‘Police and Public Perceptions of Stalking: The Role of Prior Victim–Offender Relationship’ (2013) 28(2) Journal of Interpersonal Violence 320
Wheatley, R, B Winder and DJ Kuss, ‘What Are the Features of Psychopathology for Men Who Commit Stalking Offences? A Systematic Review’ (2020) 55 Aggression and Violent Behavior 101461:1–15
Wilson, Chanelle, Lorraine Sheridan and David Garratt-Reed, ‘What Is Cyberstalking? A Review of Measurements’ (2022) 37(11–12) Journal of Interpersonal Violence NP9763
Winter, Romy et al, Evaluation of Project Vigilance: Electronic Monitoring of Family Violence Offenders (Final Report, University of Tasmania, Tasmanian Institute of Law Enforcement Studies, July 2021) 49
Women’s Services Network (WESNET),
– ‘About Safe Connections’, Safe Connections 2.0 (Web Page) <https://phones.wesnet.org.au/safeconnections/>
– ‘WESNET Safety Net Australia Service’, Technology Safety Australia (Web Page)
<https://techsafety.org.au/about/>
Woodlock, Delanie, ‘The Abuse of Technology in Domestic Violence and Stalking’ (2017) 23(5) Violence Against Women 584
Woodlock, Delanie et al, Second National Survey on Technology Abuse in Australia (Report, 24 November 2020)
Worsley, Joanne D et al, ‘Victims’ Voices: Understanding the Emotional Impact of Cyberstalking and Individuals’ Coping Responses’ (2017) 7(2) SAGE Open 10.1177/215824401771029:1–13
Case law
Victoria
Berlyn v Brouskos [2002] VSC 377, (2002) 134 A Crim R 111
DPP v Banks (a pseudonym) [2019] VCC 1185
DPP v Sutcliffe [2001] VSC 43
Gunes v Pearson (1996) 89 A Crim R 297, (Supreme Court of Victoria, McDonald J, 31 October 1996)
R v ALH [2003] VSCA 129, (2003) 6 VR 276
Commonwealth
Kozarov v Victoria [2022] HCA 12, (2022) 399 ALR 573
RP v The Queen [2016] HCA 53, (2016) 259 CLR 641
Legislation
Victoria
Bail Act 1977 (Vic)
Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006 (Vic)
Children, Youth and Families Act 2005 (Vic)
Crimes Act 1958 (Vic)
Crimes Act 1900 (ACT)
Crimes (Stalking) Act 2003 (Vic)
Criminal Procedure Act 2009 (Vic)
Evidence Act 2008 (Vic)
Family Violence Protection Act 2008 (Vic)
Magistrates’ Court Act 1989 (Vic)
Personal Safety Intervention Orders Act 2010 (Vic)
Privacy and Data Protection Act 2014 (Vic)
Sentencing Act 1991 (Vic)
Serious Offenders Act 2018 (Vic)
Stalking Intervention Orders Act 2008 (Vic)
Summary Offences Act 1966 (Vic)
Surveillance Devices Act 1999 (Vic)
Victims’ Charter Act 2006 (Vic)
Victims of Crime Assistance Act 1996 (Vic)
Commonwealth
Criminal Code Act 1995 (Cth)
Online Safety Act 2021 (Cth)
Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Act 1979 (Cth)
Other Australian jurisdictions
Criminal Code Act 1899 (Qld)
Criminal Code Act Compilation Act 1913 (WA)
Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935 (SA)
Evidence Act (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1991 (ACT)
Family Violence Legislation Reform (COVID-19 Response) Act 2020 (WA)
International
Protection from Harassment Act 1997 (UK)
Stalking Protection Act 2019 (UK)